📘 Quick Revision — Important Q&A (M1.R5)
1. Computer Fundamentals 💻
Main Components: Input unit, Output unit, Storage unit, aur CPU (ALU + Control Unit + Registers).
Hardware vs Software: Hardware physical parts hote hain (keyboard, monitor), jabki Software instructions ya programs hote hain (MS Word, OS).
Operating System (OS): Ye hardware resources ko manage karta hai aur user aur hardware ke beech ek bridge ka kaam karta hai.
2. Memory & Storage 💾
Primary vs Secondary Memory: Primary memory fast aur volatile hoti hai (RAM, Cache). Secondary memory non-volatile hoti hai aur long-term storage ke liye use hoti hai (Hard disk, SSD).
Cache Memory: Ye CPU ke paas ek choti aur high-speed memory hoti hai jo frequently used data ko store karti hai.
RAM vs ROM: RAM volatile hai (power jane par data khatam), ROM non-volatile hai (data permanent rehta hai, jaise BIOS).
3. Networking Basics 🌐
LAN, MAN, WAN: * LAN: Local Area Network (choti jagah jaise office).
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network (pure shehar ke liye).
WAN: Wide Area Network (bade geographical area ke liye, jaise Internet).
Router: Ye alag-alag networks ko connect karta hai aur data packets ko sahi rasta dikhata hai.
Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer: Client-Server mein ek central server hota hai, jabki Peer-to-Peer mein sabhi computers barabar hote hain.
4. Internet & Protocols 📧
Internet vs Intranet: Internet public global network hai, Intranet ek private organizational network hai.
Email Protocols: SMTP (emails bhejne ke liye), POP3/IMAP (emails receive karne ke liye).
HTTP vs HTTPS: HTTP unsecured hota hai, HTTPS encrypted (SSL/TLS) aur secure hota hai.
5. Cyber Security 🛡️
Virus, Worm, Trojan:
Virus: Files ke saath attach hota hai aur execute hone par phailta hai.
Worm: Khud ki copies banakar network par phailta hai.
Trojan: Dhoke se asli software dikhta hai par nuksan pahunchata hai.
Encryption & Decryption: Plain text ko coded text mein badalna Encryption hai, aur wapas normal text mein badalna Decryption.
6. Office Tools (Word, Excel, PPT) 📊
Mail Merge (Word): Ek document ko data source ke saath milakar personalized letters banana.
Pivot Table (Excel): Bade data ko summarize aur analyze karne ka tool.
Slide Master (PPT): Slides ke overall design aur layout ko control karna.
Cell Reference (Excel): Absolute ($A$1) fixed rehta hai, Relative (A1) copy karne par badal jata hai.
7. Web Designing (HTML) 🌐
HTML: HyperText Markup Language, web pages banane ke liye standard language.
<div>vs<span>:<div>block-level element hai (bade sections ke liye),<span>inline element hai (chote text portions ke liye).<form>Tag: User input collect karne ke liye (text boxes, buttons).